Bowel sound and mechanical bowel obstruction

• Mechanical bowel obstruction causes proximal part to the obstructed area to distend.
• This compromises blood flow
• Causing venous obstruction
• Which leads to shortage of arterial supply
• Ischemia happens and leads to infarct
• Infarction means no peristalsis
• No peristalsis, no bowel sound

Pathophysiology of colicky pain

• obstruction / blockage of a tube
• increase in peristalsis in order to remove the cause of ibstruction
• leads to vigorous muscular contraction
• cause ischemia
• lactic acid accumulation and spasm
• irritate nerve endings
• pain

Why Right Lobe of the Liver More Prone to get Liver Abscess than the Left Lobe

Caecum > Superior Mesenteric Vein > Right Lobe

Bacterial manifestation at caecum = Continuous supply of bacteria to right lobe = Right lobe more prone to get liver abscess

Aldosterone Hyposecretion and Acidosis

In acid-base regulation context, aldosterone stimulates a pump in the kidney that pumps out H+ ions into the urine

aldosterone hyposecretion > the pump is less stimulated > H+ retention > acidosis

Vomiting and Hypokalemia

Vomiting > loss of acid and water > hypovolemia and alkalosis

distal convoluted tubules

• reabsorb sodium
• sodium will be exchanged with potassium or hydrogen

hypovolemia :

• sodium need to reabsorbed
• since body hydrogen is less due to vomiting (alkalosis), potassium is used
• potassium excreted out in exchange for sodium reabsorption
• thus, hypokalemia occurs